Fact file

ü The first seismograph was made in china .The earthquake made the balls from the pot fall into the mouths of the frogs below.

ü The moon always shows just one side of it to the earth. The moon pulls does. So we would find it very difficult to walk on moon. Unless we are weighed down, we would float.

ü Evaporating sea water is the oldest method of obtaining salt. Sun’s heat evaporates the water & salt is left behind. The salt thus obtained is further purified to make it edible.

ü In a microwave oven, water particles in the food are made to move very fast .heat produced due to the friction between these water particles cooks the food.

ü Dolphins have the best sense of hearing among animals. Their hearing is 14 times sharper than in human beings.

ü Snakes use their tongue to smell things.

ü Talk, a mineral found in talcum powder, is the softest mineral.

ü Shark teeth are actually modified scales.

ü The flying fish is anabas. It is able to leap through the air for long distances. It flies with the help of two wing-like fins attached to either side of its body

ü Insects breathe with the help of a series of tiny holes along the side of their bodies. These holes are called spiracles.

Durga Devi Sharma

 B.sc 2nd year

CHOLERA

History

The word cholera is from Greek word ‘kholera’. The disease first spread by trade routes (land & sea) to Russia in 1817, then to Western Europe, & from Europe to North America.

In Russia alone, between 1847 & 1851, more than one million people perished of the disease. It killed 150,000 Americans during the second pandemic between 1900 & 1920, perhaps eight million people died of cholera in India.

John Snow, in 1854, was the first to identify the importance of contaminated water in its cause. Cholera is now no longer considered a pressing health threat in Europe & North America due to filtering & chlorination of water supplies, but still heavily affects populations in developing countries. Last two year many people die of cholera in western region of Nepal.

Introduction

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibro Cholerae. Most persons infected with V. cholera do not become ill, although the bacterium is present in their feces for 7-14 days. Less than 20% of ill person develop typical cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration.

WIDE ANGLE: Is time travel possible?

 Time as a Flowing River

"Time flows like a river and it seems as if each of us is carried relentlessly along by time's current. But time is like a river in another way. It flows at different speeds in different places and that is the key to traveling into the future," Hawking writes.

                  

Albert Einstein first proposed this idea 100 years ago that there should be places where time slows down, and others where time speeds up, notes Hawking. "He was absolutely right."

The proof, says Hawking, lies in the Global Positioning System satellite network, which in addition to helping us navigate on Earth, reveals that time runs faster in space.

"Inside each spacecraft is a very precise clock. But despite being so accurate, they all gain around a third of a billionth of a second every day. The system has to correct for the drift, otherwise that tiny difference would upset the whole system, causing every GPS device on Earth to go out by about six miles a day," Hawking writes. The clocks aren't faulty -- it's the pull of Earth that's to blame.

Declining craze towards B.Sc

Education and knowledge is the third eye of people, today these are just become the path to earn money for them. A child studying in one or two grade answers question of his/her teacher that s/he wants to be a doctor in future. It’s so surprising to all of us that the child answered it without knowing any clues about being a doctor. It's just an example but nowadays the trend is that people neglect what sort of job one has done. They superficially judge the quality of people who dress up well and ride expensive car. Moreover children nowadays become like TV or machines that run upon the remote control of their parent's wish. Parents ignore what their children want instead they themselves choose their favorite faculty & their children are compelled to study. There is a proverb that if there is a son he should be engineer and if there is a daughter she should be doctor. This also proves that Nepalese children are still not able to recognize their inner soul and have been moving in the path of their parents.

Name of Nokia

Nokia is a name of city situated nearby the capital city of Finland in Helsinki which is 15 km far from Temper at the bank of Nokianvirta river. The word ‘ Nokia’ has been derived from name of the Nokianvirta river. If we turn over the pages of history at 1865 A.D. Predek Edestema had established it. In the beginning it was named as Pahap Mil. Then 1871 A.D it was named as nokia & till 1990 it works in different scopes & developed many branches.

According to the data of March  2011, 176,384 people have been working in the office of Nokia in 183 countries. In the world Nokia sells its products in 196 countries. In 16 countrires it conducts  research  & developments programs. Nokia established its research

THE WORLD THAT BEGAINS IN MY MIND

"Cheer up!" my mind says with joy sometimes. I too well on the matter what a special have the god given to us "the life”. It’s really pleasure to hear that we are alive. We are the living beings we can speak and express are ideas, feelings; we can hear the beautiful sound of nature. We can see the beautiful flowers growing in deep mines of truth. We have the power to win the creativeness. Life, simplicity and joys salute the nature and the god for their kindness to us .science and technology has sky rocketed and is still trying to go further. The achievement of this modern world is the result of our great creativity .this achievement is not the true invention in real sense unless we are able to construct the new world with new view of development with co-operation brotherhood and peace not with barbarism

Brain Teasers

i.              Four prisoners got a golden chance to escape from prison if they answer correct but if they answer wrong then they have to die instantly when question asked by jailer. Jailer took them to the desert & buried their whole body inside the soil except for their head. They were arranged in way as shown in the figure below. The wall placed in between them can’t see the other side. Then he put white & black hats on their heads randomly. He said, “there are four hats; two black & two white on your head either it can be white or black hat on your head. Now any one of you can answer which hat you are wearing within 30 second. The condition is none can move their heads & none can produce sound. If you do so or if you don’t answer in time then you’d left alone & remain in this way forever.” Their life & death are determined after 30 second but fortunately one of the prisoner answers correctly in time.

Now the question is, who answer the question & what is the answer?

Answer: 3^rd prisoner answer he has white hat because he saw a black hat in front of him & thought that if his hat was black then the other prisoner behind him i.e 4^th prisoner must immediately answer that hat worn by 4^th prisoner is white since he already saw two black hats & must guess remaining hats were white. Instead the 4^th prisoner remained silent because he became confused seeing two different colored hats so 2^nd prisoner wearing black hat & 3^rd prisoner must be wearing white ones.

Sailesh Bataju

B.Sc 2^nd year

Modern Aspect of microbiology

The branch of biological science dealing study of microorganism (MOS) - bacteria, algae, fungi, virus & protozoa whose size ranges from 10 nm to 2 mm & parasites (e.g. nematodes) that cause different harmful & beneficial importance on life & existence of earth on the basis of scope field and practical application on modern science we are headed to following topics

1.         Pharmaceutical + Industrial Microbiology, in the context of world war-II, pertaining with dangerous invention & extensive use of germ bomb on boarder dispute along with military & rebel act, Alexander Fleming found the 'penicillin' antibiotic by penicillium no Tatum against infection of gram positive bacteria. Then P. cryseogenum also was used to produce penicillin. Now a days 'Collistrin' by Bacillus collistrinus chlorophenical by streptomyces veneuelae etc. are used in daily life.

2.         Vaccines by attenuated culture of bacteria - By reducing virulence, inactivating gene code or by other means bacteria with mild reactivity used as vaccine which employed as passive antibody to increase long lasting immunity and reinforcing subsequent defense mechanism.

3.         Recombinant metabolites- protein and peptide bond are used to prepare potential drug e.g. humilin is used to treat diabetes and some other.

4.         Recombinant enzyme- these are used to diagnoses as well as treat the diseases e.g. ureaseenzyme to depict urea in blood, trypsine enzyme in treatment of eyes particularly cataract surgery streptodicase to break blood clot in blood vessel and heart.

Money Plant

Introduction

Money plant is a common name for a few different plant species including Epipremnum aureum, Lunaria annua, and Crassul aevata. The money plant is very interesting plant with trunk. It has long five shiny leaves per branch but luckiest plants have six or seven leaves per branch.

Importance:

a.      Social Aspects

Money plant is used to the practice of FENGSHUI. It has five leaves that are believed to represent five of the most basic elements of FENGSHUI; metals, wood, water, fire and earth. A money tree that grows with six leaves is said to be even more lackey than the tree with seven leaves. It is considered to be extremely lucky. This is said to increase wealth and prosperity. The presence of money plant in the practice of FENGSHUI is said to balance out any of the five elements that are weak or missing from the room.

b.      Scientific Aspects:

The money plant is an herbaceous plant and often is called C₄ plant. As it has mechanism of converting CO₂ to organic compound during photosynthesis with the release of O₂ with least consumption of O₂ by the photo respiration releasing CO₂ as other C₃ plants do.

Noble Prize Facts

[Sources: nobelprize.org, wikipedia.com]

          From 1901 to 2010, a total of 543 Nobel Prizes have been awarded a total 840 times to 813 laureates, a few of whom have been honored more than once, and 20 organizations. Following are the ten countries with the greatest number of Nobel Prizes. The statistics are based on citizenship of the Nobel laureates.

United States (326)          

Peace: 22

Physics: 88

Chemistry: 63

Physiology or Medicine: 94

Literature: 12

Economic Science: 47

United Kingdom (115)

Peace: 10

Physics: 23

Chemistry: 28

Physiology or Medicine: 33

Literature: 13

Economic Science: 8

Germany (103)

Durga Devi Sharma

B.sc 2nd yea r

Fact file

¶ The first seismograph was made in china

.The earthquake made the balls from the

pot fall into the mouths of the frogs

below.

¶ The moon always shows just one side of it

to the earth. The moon pulls does. So we

would find it very difficult to walk on

moon. Unless we are weighed down, we

would float.

¶ Evaporating sea water is the oldest

method of obtaining salt. Sun's heat

evaporates the water & salt is left behind.

The salt thus obtained is further purified

to make it edible.

¶ In a microwave oven, water particles in

the food are made to move very fast .heat

produced due to the friction between

Science news: discovery of new elements

 An international team of scientists has agreed to add two new elements to the periodic table, element 114 and element 116. These new elements are the heaviest elements yet to appear on the periodic table, with atomic masses of 289 and 292 atomic mass units, respectively.

The existence of these elements has been suspected for quite some time, but required rigorous verification. In 1999, a single atom of

Michio Kaku (born January 24, 1947)

Michio Kaku is an American physicist, Professor of Theoretical Physics in the City College of New York of City University of New York, the co-founder of string field theory, and a "communicator" and "popularize" of science

                             Kaku was born in San Jose, California to Japanese immigrant parents. Kaku graduated from Harvard University with a B.S. degree in 1968. He received a Ph.D. in 1972 from Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and held a lectureship at Princeton University in 1973. Presently, he is engaged in defining the "Theory of Everything", which seeks to unify the four fundamental forces of the universe.

                             Kaku is the author of several doctoral textbooks on string theory and quantum field theory and has published articles in topics superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics. He is also author of the popular science books: Visions, Hyperspace, Einstein's Cosmos, and Parallel Worlds, and

a decision

pariwartan (crazy diamond)

first day I decided to join microbiology, I was little perplexed for whatever was going on. the decision came from nowhere and I started to head towards somewhere. I was feeling wired how my inner force dragged me towards the subject matter I was totally unknown. a glimmer of satisfaction has now aroused inside me because the fermentation technology has become a subject of my interest.

last week we were given an opportunity to visit an industry. time and again I am questioned by people around me for what I am going to do studying microbiology and there came an option. industry can be a place for the one keen in industrial microbiology ,when we stepped into the industrial arena, sophisticated technology made me aamazed.the large fermenters there compelled me to dream bigger. then I began to compare not only my college laboratory with industry but also my thoughts before I went there and afterwards.before going there my ideas were as smaller as the laboratory bottles but later they began

Facts about penis size

Source: Netdoctor

          Even in this supposedly enlightened century, men worry about penis size. Though the vast majority of guys have more than enough bulk to perform well as lovers, there is a widespread masculine obsession that 'more would be better'.

Size matters

          To the average man, his penis is, consciously or unconsciously, one of the most important things in the whole world. At an early age he discovers it and immediately becomes fascinated by it. But then a note of uncertainty enters his mind: 'Isn't mine rather small?' Look at Dad's, look at big brother's, look at those in the men's changing room - and he asks himself if he will be as big as that. And so he goes on through life, always a tiny bit sensitive about the size of his organ, always convinced that it would be nicer if it were just that little bit longer.

A question of perspective

          The trouble is that every man sees his own penis in a foreshortened view. The angle at which you look down inevitably makes your penis seem shorter than it is. But when you glance at another man's organ, there's no such foreshortening effect, so very often it'll look as though the other guy is slightly better endowed. A lifetime of comparison of this can easily make you feel a bit inadequate. But it's important to realize the facts about penis length.

Do the virtual particles exist?

     Virtual particle are indeed real. They have observable effect that physicists have devised ways of measuring it. Quantum theory predicts that every particle spends some time as a combination of other particle in all possible ways. Quantum Mechanics allows and indeed requires temporary violations of conservation of energy. So, one particle can become a pair of heavier "virtual" particle which quickly rejoin into original particle almost as if they had never existed.

While the virtual particle are briefly part of our world, they can interact with other, less exotic particles and researchers can study these interactions to test prediction about virtual particle. In a hydrogen atom, Photon (elementary particle of electromagnetic radiation) binds together a negatively charged electron and a positively charged proton. Every photon will spend some time as virtual electron plus its antiparticle, the virtual position as described above. The hydrogen atom can be in more than one state, in one of those states, the atom

Why does lightening occur when the thunder takes place in the atmosphere of earth?

Earth is supposed to be zero potential. Above earth surface, there is a vast atmosphere where there is flow of air. Whenever air moves nearby the ground, friction gets raised and electric charge is induced in the air. When there is loss of negative charge particle electron, air gets negatively charged. The same process goes on repeating. In a long run, air carries lots of negative charge in the form of the cloud. As we know there is always attraction between the negative and positive charge. We know the ground acts as a zero potential. Whenever the charge carrying cloud goes very near to the tall objects like tree or tower or hill, then the negative charge cloud induces the positive charge at the top of tall object. Slowly, there is attraction. As a result, negative charge come in contact with the positive charge and tremendous friction takes place. At the moment, great sound is produced which we call thunder and the electrical energy get changed into the heat and light. Since the light travels at very high speed, we see first light and only then the sound. We have so many misconceptions about the thunder and lightning. People think that the axe gets fell during the lightening which is not a fact. Actually, there is a flow of electric charge towards the ground with a very high speed and gets terminate at the zero potential of earth. We have developed the earthing so as to save our life from the dangerous situation of lightning and thunder.

Why does sound produce while clapping?

When we clap with our hands, kinetic and mechanical energy are changed into sound energy at that moment. When we clap with our two hands, the palms get very much closer all of sudden and the air between the palms gets compressed suddenly.  When we go clapping, it happens that the air sometimes gets compressed while other time it gets loosed. Which cause the friction and that friction takes the form of sound energy and reach up to our ear. According to the conservation of energy, the energy neither be created or nor be destroyed. Instead it changes its form from one to another. Here also, the kinetic energy due to the motion of our hands, change in to the sound.