The fundamental force in nature

In the universe, there are different types of force but I am going to explain about these forces which created in the origin of the universe. These forces are strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravitational force. In the time of big bang, these four fundamental forces were believed as a single force, called unified force. Now most physicists hope to find a unified theory, but they don’t success to solve this problem. After big bang, the universe cooled, and then the forces separated as the original symmetries were broken. Now I shall describe four fundamental forces.

In quantum mechanics the force or interaction can be created when force carrying particle collide with matter particle, then the force get absorbed. The interaction between matter particles are all supposed to be carried by particle of spin 0, 1, 2. However, if the force carrying particles have a high mass, it will difficult to produce and exchange them over a large distance. So the forces that they carry will have only a short range. On the other hand, if the force carrying particle has no mass of their own, the forces will be long range. The force carrying particle exchanged between matter particles are said to be virtual particles, which can never be detected directly. In terms of fundamental force, most of the strongest force is called strong force which is responsible for the tight binding of quarks to form proton and neutron. It is very short ranged and force carrying particle is spin1, given this force is negligible for separation of quarks.

Next fundamental force is electromagnetic, which is responsible for binding of atom and molecule by the exchange of virtual photon. Its force carrying particle is spin1 photon. It cannot act at large distance because this force, either attraction or repulsion, the attractive or repulsive force between individual particles nearly cancel each other and there is very small net electromagnetic force.

The next force is weak electromagnetic force which is responsible in beta decay. If field particle is spin1 boson (W & Z), it is short range which acts on all matter particle of spin½.

Then the last one is gravitational force which holds all planets, stars and other universal masses. It is very weakest among these four force, such as in the surface of the earth, if there is one piece of the iron(Fe) and a piece of magnet close to it, then the piece of iron is attracted to magnet. Hence we can conclude the gravitational force is weak because the gravity force doesn’t attract the Iron like the magnets do.
Raju sharma poudel
rajupoudel36@yahoo.com