Modern Aspect of microbiology

The branch of biological science dealing study of microorganism (MOS) - bacteria, algae, fungi, virus & protozoa whose size ranges from 10 nm to 2 mm & parasites (e.g. nematodes) that cause different harmful & beneficial importance on life & existence of earth on the basis of scope field and practical application on modern science we are headed to following topics

1.         Pharmaceutical + Industrial Microbiology, in the context of world war-II, pertaining with dangerous invention & extensive use of germ bomb on boarder dispute along with military & rebel act, Alexander Fleming found the 'penicillin' antibiotic by penicillium no Tatum against infection of gram positive bacteria. Then P. cryseogenum also was used to produce penicillin. Now a days 'Collistrin' by Bacillus collistrinus chlorophenical by streptomyces veneuelae etc. are used in daily life.

2.         Vaccines by attenuated culture of bacteria - By reducing virulence, inactivating gene code or by other means bacteria with mild reactivity used as vaccine which employed as passive antibody to increase long lasting immunity and reinforcing subsequent defense mechanism.

3.         Recombinant metabolites- protein and peptide bond are used to prepare potential drug e.g. humilin is used to treat diabetes and some other.

4.         Recombinant enzyme- these are used to diagnoses as well as treat the diseases e.g. ureaseenzyme to depict urea in blood, trypsine enzyme in treatment of eyes particularly cataract surgery streptodicase to break blood clot in blood vessel and heart.

5.         Microbial enzyme technology- protease enzyme of bacillus subsidies  used for meat tendaliser, Zymase of saccharomyces cerevisae to produced alcohol, sucrose from five spp for confectionary products etc. are still applicable on the thermophillus are also involved in yoghurt production of diary.

6.         Recombinant DNA technology Gene engineering: It construct the organism adapted to environment and feet to applied for particular purpose by incorporating gene such as flavicevir tomato and golden rice by such way can be used to prevent malnutrition and blindness.

7.         Hybridoma technique: fusion of myolema (tumor) cell with normal antibody producing b-lymphocytes cell from hybridoma cell which can multiply rapidly.

8.         Tissue transplantation- Cell with phagocyte can be transplanted from healthy person to suffered one but that is only in developing stage. E.g. stem cell (pleuropotential cell) has been proposed by current scientist as one alternative of HIV treatment.

9.         Single cell protein- Recently students of mashajusett institute of technical science has found single cell like yeast use for protein deficient body cell. Yeast package found in market.

10.     Bioremediation process- Bendomonas putida & pseudomonas putida can degrade the complex polymers to simpler one so they control oil spoilage in oceans and keep the environment pollution free.

11.     Bio fertilizer & pesticides- Besides green manure formation (N₂ fixation by rhizobium of leguminous plant's root nodule), Reclamation (Sulphur Oxidation) of soil and humus formation (Increasing fertility with water P, N, S etc. holding capacity) Acetobacter found in acetobacter chlirococcus and phosphobacterin of bacillus magatherium varphosphaticcum increases availability of vitamin, Auxin, Cytokinin like growth factors. Here Bacillus therrengenesis also is used as pesticides.

H.N Sharma (Raju)

B.Sc. Microbiology

2^nd Year,

P.N.C. Pokhara